ЕГЭ/Английский язык/Auxiluary
Вспомогательные глаголы используются перед инфинитивом (начальной формы глагола) для придания особого значения высказыванию. Например, мы используем вспомогательные глаголы, чтобы сказать:
- что кто-то способен что-то сделать
- что кому-то позволено что-то сделать
- что кто-то должен сделать что-то
К вспомогательным глаголам относятся следующие: can, could, would, should, ought to, will, shall, may, might and must.
CAN and COULD
Употребляйте глаголы can и could, чтобы сказать, что кто-то способен что-то сделать
She can draw really good pictures. Philip can run faster than Matt. Can you ride a bike? Can you help me with my homework? She could already read before she started school. Our teacher said we could go home early. I ran as fast as I could. Sarah could not come to the party because she was ill. You may also use can and could to say that someone is allowed to do something. My mom says you can come to our house for dinner. Dad says I can’t walk to school on my own. You can’t go in there without a ticket. Mom said I could have ice cream after my dinner. The big sign on the gate said PRIVATE, so we couldn’t go in.
ЗАМЕЧАНИЯ:
Глагол could это форма глагола can в the simple past tense
When you put not after can, write it as one word: cannot. They cannot find their way home.
Краткая форма глагола cannot - это can’t, а глагола could not - это couldn’t.
They can’t find their way home. I’m full. I can’t eat any more. Sarah couldn’t come to the party because she was ill.
Глаголы can и could также используются для передачи информации или просьбы о помощи, для предложения чего-либо.
Can you tell me if this train goes to Topeka? Could you show me where the accident happened? Could you open that window, please? You can borrow my pen, if you like. Your sister could come with us, if she wanted to. I could lend you my football. We can go to the library instead. You could ask your dad to help us. John can borrow his brother’s skates.
WILL and WOULD
Используйте глаголы will и would когда вы просите кого-то что-то сделать.
Will you please stop making that noise? Would you pass me that book, please? Please, will you close the door?
Вы можете употреблять глаголы will и would, чтобы предложить что-то.
Will I hold this end of the rope? Will I carry the bag for you? Would you like another drink? Which cake would you like?
SHALL and SHOULD
Вы можете использовать глаголы shall и should, чтобы попросить совета, что-то предложить.
Should I bring waterproof clothes? Shall I go by car, or will it be better to walk? Should I phone the police? Shall I help you with that heavy bag? Shall we go home now? You should try that new French restaurant.
ЗАМЕЧАНИЯ:
Сокращение отрицания will not - это won’t, а сокращение would not — это wouldn’t.
Won’t you stay and eat with us? Wouldn’t it be better to wait?
OUGHT TO
Используйте глагол ought для выражения настойчивого предложения или требования исполнения чьих-то обязанностей.
You look tired. You ought to go to bed early tonight. I ought to get more physical exercise. We ought to lock the door when we leave home. You ought to turn off the computer when you’re not using it. You ought to know how to spell your own name. The teacher ought to make his classes more interesting.
MUST
Используйте глагол must, чтобы сообщить о вещах, которые необходимо выполнить.
I must mail this letter today. You must speak louder. I can’t hear you. Children must not play with matches. Go to bed now. Oh, must I? Why must I do my homework tonight?
MAY and MIGHT
Употребляйте глагол may для выражения разрешения что-либо сделать и сказать кому-то о том, что им разрешается делать,
“May I go out to play now?” “Yes, you may.” May I borrow your pen? Please may I see your ticket? John may leave now, but Sally may not. May Kenny come with us to the movies?
Используйте глаголы may и might, чтобы поговорить о возможных или желательных вещах.
Take an umbrella. It might rain. I may not have time to go swimming tonight. We might go to the party later. If you’re not careful, you may hurt yourself. “Are you going to the concert?” “I don’t know. I might or I might not.”
ЗАМЕЧАНИЯ:
Глагол must сохраняет ту же форму и в the past tense. Краткая форма глагола must not — это mustn’t.
She mustn’t let the dog sleep on her bed.
Глагольные фразы
Глагольная фраза состоит из глагола и предлога, таких как after, into and over. Предлог придает глаголу особое значение. Ниже приводятся примеры, содержащие предложные фразы. Значения указаны в скобках)
Who looks after (= takes care of) the baby when your parents are at work? Mike has blond hair and blue eyes. He takes after (= looks like) his mother. Dad bumped into (= met by chance) an old friend at the station. My sister is getting into (= is starting to be interested in) pop music. Is your mom getting over (= recovering from) her illness? Some health inspectors came to look over (= inspect) the factory. We hoped that the thieves wouldn’t get away with (= escape punishment for) their crime. I’m going to the store because we’ve run out of rice (= used all our rice).
